TRADE DESCRIPTIONS ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
TRADE DESCRIPTIONS ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 362)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
pecial provisions applicable to goldware
arking orders
nformation to be given in advertisements
II FALSE TRADE DESCRIPTIONS OR REPRESENTATIONS AND FORGED
TRADE
S
pplying a trade description, trade mark or mark to goods
ffences in respect of trade descriptions
rade descriptions used in advertisements
ffences in respect of trade marks
False representations as to Royal approval or award. etc.
False representations as to supply of goods
Prohibited import and export of certain goods
Power to exempt goods sold for export
III ENFORCEMENT
Appointment of authorized officers
Power to enter premises and inspect and seize goods and documents
Restrictions on the entry and search of domestic premises
Power to detain goods by locking or sealing premises or container
Powers of arrest of authorized officers
Disclosure of information, etc.
Offences of obstruction and disclosure of information
Penalties
Time limit for prosecutions
Offences by corporations
Offences due to fault of other person
Accessory to offences committed outside Hong Kong
Samples
Evidence by certificate
Rule of evidence regarding imported goods with false trade
ription
Description of trade mark in pleading
Defence mistake, accident, etc.
Innocent publication of advertisements
Costs in proceedings
Power to make orders with respect to property in possession of
the
n
Forfeiture and disposal of certain goods
[Repealed]
IV MISCELLANEOUS
Trade marks containing trade descriptions
Definition Orders
Saving for civil rights
Compensation for loss of goods seized under section 15 (1) (f)
Whole document
rohibit false trade descriptions, false marks and
misstatements in
ect of goods provided in the course of trade; to confer
power to
ire information or instruction relating to goods to be marked on
or to
mpany the goods or to be included in advertisements; to prohibit
the
thorized use of devices or emblems signifying an award by the
Queen or
Governor; to restate the law relating to forgery of trade marks;
and
purposes connected therewith.
pril 1981.]
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title.
Ordinance may be cited as the Trade Descriptions Ordinance.
nterpretation.
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
ertisement" includes a catalogue, a circular and a price list;
horized officer" means a public officer appointed under section
14;
missioner" means the Commissioner of Customs and Excise and any
Deputy
ssistant Commissioner of Customs and Excise; (Added, L. N.
294/82)
vention country" has the meaning assigned to it by section 13A
(6) of
Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap. 43.);
se trade description" means--
a trade description which is false to a material degree;
a trade description which, though not false, is misleading, that
is to
likely to be taken for such an indication of any of the
matters
ified in the definition of "trade description" as would be false
to a
rial degree;
anything which, though not a trade description, is likely to be
taken
an indication of any of the matters specified in the
definition of
de description" and, as such an indication, would be false
to a
rial degree;
a false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication
h would be false, that any goods comply with a standard specified
or
gnized by any person or implied by the approval of any person if
there
o such person or no standard so specified, recognized or implied;
or
a false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication
h would be false, that any goods of any class or type--
being goods in respect of which duty is payable under the laws
of Hong
, are supplied free of the duty so payable in respect of that class
or
of goods; or
not being goods in respect of which duty is payable under the laws
of
Kong, are supplied free of the duty so payable;
ds" includes vessel and aircraft. things attached to land and
growing
s; "goods in transit" means goods which--
are brought into Hong Kong solely for the purpose of taking them
out
ong Kong; and
remain at all times in or on the vessel, aircraft or vehicle in
or on
h they are brought into Hong Kong;
ort" means to bring, or cause to be brought, into Hong Kong;
mises" includes any place and any stall, vehicle, vessel or
aircraft;
de description" means an indication, direct or indirect,
and by
ever means given, of any of the following matters with respect
to any
s or parts of goods, that is to say--
quantity (which includes length, width, height, area,
volume,
city, weight, and number), size or gauge;
method of manufacture. production, processing or reconditioning;
composition;
fitness for purpose, strength, performance, behaviour or
accuracy;
any physical characteristics not included in the preceding
paragraphs;
testing by any person and results thereof;
approval by any person or conformity with a type approved
by any
on;
place or date of manufacture , production,
processing or
nditioning;
person by whom manufactured, produced, processed or
reconditioned;
other history, including previous ownership or use;
de mark" means--
a trade mark relating to goods registered in Hong Kong under the
Trade
s Ordinance (Cap. 43.);
a trade mark registered in the register of trade marks kept under
or
erved by the Trade Marks Act 1938;
a trade mark--
registered, or in respect of which an application for
registration has
made, in a British territory or a Convention country; and
capable of registration in Hong Kong under the Trade Marks
Ordinance
trade mark relating to goods, and
) in respect of which a period of 6 months has not expired since
the
of the application for the registration thereof in a
British
itory or a Convention country.
(a) For the purposes of this Ordinance, goods shall be deemed to
have
--
manufactured in the country in which they last underwent a
treatment
rocess which changed permanently and substantially the shape,
nature,
or utility of the basic materials used in their manufacture; or
produced in the country in which they were wholly grown or mined.
The Commissioner may by order specify--(Amended, L. N. 294/82)
in relation to any description of goods, what treatment or process
is
e regarded for the purposes of this Ordinance as resulting
or not
lting in a permanent and substantial change in shape, nature, form
or
ity of the basic materials used in their manufacture;
in relation to any description of goods different parts of which
were
factured or produced in different countries, or of goods
assembled in
untry different from that in which their parts were
manufactured or
uced, in which of those countries the goods are to be regarded
for the
oses of this Ordinance as having been manufactured or produced.
This subsection shall not apply to goods which are the subject
of a
ce published under subsection (2A).
The Director-General of Trade may by notice in the Gazette specify
in
tion to any description of goods (being goods that are subject
to a
me of import or export control specified in the notice) the place
in
h the goods are to be regarded for the purposes of this Ordinance
as
ng been manufactured or produced, and any such goods shall, for
the
oses of this Ordinance, be deemed to have been
manufactured or
uced in such place. (Added 96 of 1991, s. 2)
For the purposes of this Ordinance, a trade description or
statement
ished in any newspaper, book or periodical or in any film or sound
or
vision broadcast shall not be deemed to be a trade description
applied
tatement made in the course of a trade or business unless it
is or
s part of an advertisement.
pecial provisions applicable to goldware.
Notwithstanding the definition of "false trade description" in
section
trade description which indicates the fineness (whether in parts
per
sand or in carats) of gold shall be a false trade description if
that
cation is false to any extend or degree, except by understating
the
ness.
For the purpose of construing descriptions relating to the
fineness of
--
a description indicating that an article, or the metal in an
article,
o many carats shall be presumed to be an indication that the
article
etal is of gold, and that its fineness is that specified in the
table
he Schedule for that number of carats;
paragraph (a) shall not apply if (as in a case where the article
is a
ious stone) the word "carat" is used as a measure of
weight for
ious stones, and not as a measure of fineness.
Notwithstanding the definition of "false trade description" in
section
a trade description which indicates that any article (other
than an
cle of pure gold) is of gold shall be a false trade description
unless
article consists solely of gold alloy and--
contains not less than 8 carats of gold; or
bears a mark clearly indicating in carats, by number or by number
and
letters "k", "c" or "ct", the fineness of the gold content; or
) bears a mark clearly indicating in parts per thousand the
fineness
he gold content; and
a mark calculated to be taken as an indication of the fineness
of gold
n article--
which is plated with or enclose in gold alloy or gilded; or
to which gold alloy is soldered or otherwise affixed, shall
be a
e trade description unless it is manifest from the appearance of
the
cle that the mark refers solely to the part of the article
which
ists of gold alloy.
Any number of 1 or 2 digits on an article which indicates or
purports
ndicate, or is likely to be taken as an indication of, the fineness
in
ts of its gold content shall be a false trade description unless
the
cle contains at least the same proportion of pure gold as the
number
s to 24.
Any number of 3 digits on an article which indicates or
purports to
cate, or is likely to be taken as an indication of, the fineness
in
er of parts per thousand of its gold content shall be a false
trade
ription unless the article contains gold of such a
standard of
ness.
For the purposes of this section "fineness" means the
proportion of
gold in accordance with subsection (4) or the number of
parts by
ht of gold in accordance with subsection (5) as the case may
require.
arking orders.
The Governor in Council may by order require that any goods
specified
he order shall be marked with or accompanied by any information
ther or not amounting to or including a trade
description) or
ruction relating to the goods and, subject to the provisions of
this
nance, impose requirements for securing that the goods are so
marked
ccompanied, and regulate or prohibit the supply of goods with
respect
hich the requirements are not complied with; and the requirements
may
nd to the form and manner in which the information or instruction
is
e given.
Where an order under this section is in force with respect to goods
of
description, any person who, in the course of any trade or
business,
lies or offers to supply goods of that description in
contravention of
order commits an offence.
An order under this section may make different provision for
different
umstances and may, in the case of goods supplied in
circumstances
e the information or instruction required by the order would
not be
eyed until after delivery, required the whole or part thereof
to be
displayed near the goods.
nformation to be given in advertisements.
The Governor in Council may by order require that any
description of
rtisements of any goods specified in the order shall contain or
refer
information (whether or not amounting to or including
a trade
ription) relating to such goods and subject to the provisions of
this
nance impose requirements as to the inclusion of that
information or
n indication of the means by which it may be obtained.
An order under this section may specify the form and manner in
which
such information or indication is to be included in
advertisements of
description and may make different provision for
different
umstances.
Where an advertisement of any goods to be supplied in the
course of
trade or business fails to comply with any requirement imposed
under
section, any person who publishes the advertisement
commits an
nce.
PART II FALSE TRADE DESCRIPTIONS OR REPRESENTATIONS AND
FORGED TRADE MARKS
pplying a trade description, trade mark or mark to goods.
A person applies a trade description or trade mark or mark to goods
if
affixes or annexes it to or in any manner marks it on or
incorporates
ith--
the goods themselves; or
anything in, on or with which the goods are supplied;
places the goods in, on or with anything which the trade
description
rade mark or mark has been affixed or annexed to, marked
on or
rporated with, or places any such thing with the goods;
uses the trade description or trade mark or mark in any manner
likely
e taken as referring to the goods; or
makes in any affidavit, declaration or writing any statement
to the
ct that a trade description or trade mark or mark is applicable
to the
s.
An oral statement may amount to the use of a trade
description or
e mark or mark.
Where goods are supplied in pursuance of a request in which a
trade
ription or trade mark or mark is used and the circumstances are
such
o make it reasonable to infer that the goods are supplied as
goods
esponding to that trade description or trade mark or mark, the
person
lying the goods shall be deemed to have applied that trade
description
rade mark or mark to the goods.
ffences in respect of trade descriptions.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who--
in the course of any trade or business--
applies a false trade description to any goods; or
supplies or offers to supply any goods to which a false
trade
ription is applied; or
has in his possession for sale or for any purpose of
trade or
facture any goods to which a false trade description is
applied.
its an offence.
A person exposing goods for supply or having goods in his
possession
supply shall be deemed to offer to supply them.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance any person who
disposes of
as in his possession any die, block, machine, or other instrument
for
purpose of making, or applying to goods a false trade
description
its an offence unless he proves that he acted without
intent to
aud.
rade descriptions used in advertisements.
The following provisions of this section shall have effect where
in an
rtisement a trade description is used in relation to any
class of
s.
The trade description shall be taken as referring to all goods
of the
s, whether or not in existence at the time the
advertisement is
ished--
for the purpose of determining whether an offence has been
committed
r section 7 (1) (a) (i); and
where goods of the class are supplied or offered to be supplied
by a
on publishing or displaying the advertisement, also for the
purpose of
rmining whether an offence has been committed under section 7 (1)
(a)
.
In determining for the purposes of this section whether any goods
are
class to which a trade description used in an advertisement
relates,
rd shall be had not only to the form and content of the
advertisement
also to the time, place, manner and frequency of its publication
and
other matters making it likely or unlikely that a person to whom
the
s are supplied would think of the goods as belonging to the class
in
tion to which the trade description is used in the advertisement.
ffences in respect of trade marks.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who--
forges any trade mark;
falsely applies to any goods any trade mark or any mark so
nearly
mbling a trade mark as to be calculated to deceive;
makes any die, block, machine or other instrument for the
purpose of
ing, or of being used for forging, a trade mark;
disposes of or has in his possession any die, block, machine or
other
rument for the purpose of forging a trade mark; or
causes to be done anything referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c)
or
commits an offence unless he proves that he acted without intent
to
aud.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who
sells or
ses or has in his possession for sale or for any purpose of trade
or
facture, any goods to which any forged trade mark is applied,
or to
h any trade mark or mark so nearly resembling a trade mark as
to be
ulated to deceive is falsely applied, commits an offence.
For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed--
to forge a trade mark who either--
without the assent of the proprietor of the trade mark, makes
that
e mark or a mark so nearly resembling that trade mark as
to be
ulated to deceive; or
falsifies any genuine trade mark, whether by alteration,
addition,
cement or otherwise;
falsely to apply to goods a trade mark who without the assent of
the
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《土地登记办法》涉嫌违反《物权法》——从物权法定原则说起
作者：陈召利 主页：www.law-god.com
2007年3月16日，第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议审议通过了《中华人民共和国物权法》（以下简称《物权法》），确立了“物权法定原则”，明确了物权的种类和内容。中国《物权法》明确规定了八种物权，即所有权、土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权、宅基地使用权、地役权、抵押权、质权和留置权。此外，《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》、《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》、《中华人民共和国水法》、《中华人民共和国渔业法》等单行法律规定了探矿权、采矿权、取水权等用益物权。除法律规定的物权以外，任何单位和个人不能创设其他任何物权。
2007年12月30日，国土资源部对外发布了《土地登记办法》，自2008年2月1日起施行。且不论国土资源部在没有上位法的情况下出台《土地登记办法》是否符合《物权法》第10条、第246条的规定，对不动产统一登记事项是否享有立法权限，单从《土地登记办法》的内容来看，《土地登记办法》关于物权的种类和内容的相关规定已经突破了《物权法》的规定，严重违反了“物权法定原则”。
一、置“土地承包经营权”于不顾，自行创设“农用地使用权”。
《物权法》第十一章对“土地承包经营权”作了专章规定，其中第125条对“土地承包经营权”作了明确的界定：“土地承包经营权人依法对其承包经营的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权从事种植业、林业、畜牧业等农业生产”。从《物权法》第124条的规定可知，这里的“耕地、林地、草地等”既包括“农民集体所有的”也包括“国家所有由农民集体使用的” 耕地、林地、草地，以及其他依法用于农业的土地。土地承包经营权是个十分宽泛的概念，不仅指在集体土地上设立的用益物权，也可以指在国有土地上设立的用益物权。因此，《物权法》对因使用土地（无论是国有土地还是集体土地）进行农业生产而设立的用益物权统一界定为“土地承包经营权”，除此之外根本就不在什么“农用地使用权”。《土地登记办法》对“集体农用地使用权”特别加注“不含土地承包经营权”，反面推之，“国有农用地使用权”就一定包含“土地承包经营权”了？！固然，国土资源部试图冲破《农村土地承包法》关于土地承包经营权由不同部门主管的樊篱、统一土地登记的出发点是好了，但不通过推动修改现行法律的合法途径而采取漠视甚至公然违反现行法律的做法是不值得赞赏的。
物权不同于民事其他权利，法律未作规定的，一律不得自行创设。因此，使用“农用地使用权”（包括国有农用地使用权和集体农用地使用权）直接违反了“物权法定原则”，应予以改正，建议修改为“土地承包经营权”（备注：虽然根据《农村土地承包法》等现行规定，土地承包经营权的主管部门为农业、林业等行政主管部门负责土地承包和承包合同的管理，但是根据不动产统一登记制度的精神和土地承包经营权与土地的密切相关性，土地承包经营权由国有资源行政主管部门统一登记较为合理）。
二、歪曲“建设用地使用权”，自行创设“国有建设用地使用权”和“集体建设用地使用权”。
《物权法》第十二章对“建设用地使用权”作了专章规定，其中第135条对“建设用地使用权”作了明确的界定：“建设用地使用权人依法对国家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权利用该土地建造建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施”。因此，需注意的是，建设用地使用权是专指在国有土地上设立的用益物权。虽然《物权法》第151条规定，集体所有的土地作为建设用地的，应当依照土地管理法等法律规定办理”，但是《土地管理法》并未确立“集体建设用地使用权”这种新型用益物权。因此，在欠缺上位法的前提下，作为部门规章的《土地登记办法》无权创设不同于“建设用地使用权”的其他用益物权。
即使《土地管理法》通过修改法律确立了“集体建设用地使用权”这种新型用益物权，但是，从建设用地使用权的内容来看，将“集体建设用地使用权”界定为“使用农民集体所有的土地进行[非农业]建设的”权利，仍然语焉不详，这必然将“宅基地使用权”涵盖在内。因为，使用农民集体所有的土地建造住宅及其附属设施同样为进行“[非农业]建设”。二者如何协调有待进一步研究。
善意的立法观念必须在法律许可的范围内贯彻施行，否则极有可能带来意想不到的恶果。根据《中华人民共和国立法法》第71条第二款的规定，“部门规章规定的事项应当属于执行法律或者国务院的行政法规、决定、命令的事项”。但是，我国的现状是，下位法往往不是根据上位法的规定作出进一步的、详细的执行规则，而是常常超越上位法的规定进行立法。如果说这些立法性规定在规范其他民事权利时尚可以从其上位法的基本原则和基本精神来引申得出，但是《物权法》严格遵守“物权法定原则”，法律未作规定的，下位法一律不得创设，对此切不可遵循以往“惯例”为之。诚然，《土地登记办法》将用益物权划分为建设用地使用权（国有建设用地使用权和集体建设用地使用权）和农用地使用权（国有农用地使用权和集体农用地使用权）更加通俗易懂，也许更加科学，但是在《物权法》等现行法律已经明确物权种类和内容的情况下，这种变通做法是行不通的。换个角度来看，这可能也是《物权法》未经充分论证就仓促通过的后遗症之一吧。
